Biomolecules, some important biomoleculs Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic acid.

*Bio-molecules*

        "Bio-molecule are the life less molecules, which combined in specific manner to produce life and control biological reactions"

In simple words, Bio-molecules are derived from reactions of simple molecules like Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen.....Etc.

         this bio-molecules are the chife constituents of our diet. This are most important to our metabolism . Carbohydrates are the major source of energy and protein play a variety of roles for proper functioning of living being .they are important components of hair, skin, muscles , nails ......Etc. all Enzymes are Protein which catalyze biological reactions.

Important bio-molecules:-

1. Carbohydrates.
2. Lipids.
3. Proteins.
4. Nucleic acid.

1} Carbohydrates :-

    "The compounds that can be hydrolyzed to polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones is called Carbohydrates."

* Or *

       " The optically active polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones is called Carbohydrates."

Early chemist believed that,

      the carbohydrates considered as the compound in which carbon is surrounded by water molecules; hydrates of carbon, hence the name is carbohydrates. Which could be represented as C_x(H₂O)_y.

      But by referring this formula they are considered 

Sucrose C₁₂H₂₂O_{11. ,} glucose C₆H₁₂O_6.....Etc....

Like Compounds as Carbohydrates because they fit in this formula. Similarly formaldehyde, acetic acid fit into this formula but are not carbohydrates. some carbohydrates are does not fit into this formula like Rhamnose C₆H₁₂O₅ .                    However, 'Carbohydrates' the word remains, but now has a different meaning and Specific terms that satisfy the formula .

*Carbohydrates classified into two types Simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates.

• Simple Carbohydrates :- A carbohydrate that cannot be hydrolyzed further to any simple sugar is called simple carbohydrates are also known as Monosaccharide. 

*Monosaccharides are basic units of all carbohydrates. 

*Monosaccharide further classified as -

1. Aldoses - aldehyde group containing monosaccharide.
2. Ketoses - keto group containing monosaccharide.

• Complex carbohydrates :- A carbohydrate that on hydrolysis yields two or more monosaccharide units is called complex carbohydrates. 

*Complex carbohydrates further classified as-

1. Oligosaccharides - a carbohydrate that on hydrolysis yields two to ten monosaccharide units is called Oligosaccharides.
2. Polysaccharides - a carbohydrate that on hydrolysis yields large number of monosaccharide units is called polysaccharides.

Some examples of carbohydrates :-

Glucose, fructose, lactose, cellulose, chitin.......Etc

2} Lipids :-

  "The component that form a diverse group of bio-molecules that have limited solubility in water but soluble in organic or non polar solvents are know as Lipids."

Or
"The long chain polymer of fatty acid are called as lipids."

* General properties of lipids :-

1. Lipids made up of fatty acids, long chain polymer of fatty acids are nothing but Lipids.
2. Lipids are insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvent.
3. Lipids are colorless, odorless and tasteless compound.
4. Thus lipids content fatty acid chain with double bond is known as Unsaturated lipids and lipids content fatty acid chain without double bond is known as Saturated lipids.
5. Saturated lipids are solid at room temperature while Unsaturated lipids are liquid at room temperature.
6. Lipids are oily, greasy substance.
7. Lipids molecules mostly consistent of hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head.

Classification of lipids

Lipids are classified into 3 type ;
Simple lipids, Complex or Compound lipids and Derived lipids

• Simple lipids :- The esters of long chain fatty acids are called as simple lipids. Simple lipids can be hydrolyzed. 
e.g triglycerides, glycolipids, phospholipids and waxes.

• Complex lipids :- Thous lipids do not have ester linkages are called as Complex lipids. Complex lipids cannot be hydrolyzed. 
e.g. , prostaglandins.